The promotion pay paradox
internal offer ≈ old salary × 1.08–1.15
market rate ≈ what the posting for your new title says
Both numbers are "the raise" depending on who's talking. The company prices your continuity; the market prices the role. The negotiation is simply making them price the role — which they already do, every time they hire the same title from outside.
A worked example
$95,000 promoted into a title the market pays $120,000: the standard internal offer lands at $103–109k, leaving an $11–17k gap. A defensible ask splits toward market — ~$114k — framed as: "external hires for this title come in around $120k; I'm asking to start at $114k given I skip the ramp-up." Concrete, checkable, and hard to refuse without admitting the two-door pricing.
If they can't move the base
Comp bands are real constraints; timing flexibility is the fallback: a written 6-month review to midpoint, a one-time bonus bridging the gap year one, or equity (price it properly). And run the long game through the job hopping calculator — a market-priced title is fuel either way.